Septuagint (The seventy). The Septuagint or Greek version of the Old Testament appears at the present day in four principal editions:- Biblia Polyglotta Complutensis, A.D. 1514-1617, The Aldine Edition, Venice, A.D. The Roman Edition, edited under Pope Sixtus V., A.D. Most people chose this as the best definition of septuagint: A Greek version of the He. See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Oct 02, 2013 Part 2 is Hebrew to Greek. The numbers next to the Greek words above are a key to the Hatch-Redpath Concordance that Muraoka mentions. That concordance (published early in the 20th century), has all the Greek words used in the Septuagint, together with what was thought to be the underlying Hebrew. The back of the HR concordance has a list that.

1. Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Translated
2. Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Translated
3. Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Pronunciation
4. Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Generator

Greek to Hebrew Dictionary of Septuagint Words This lexicon contains Hebrew words found in the OT which are coded to Strong's and also contains equivalent Greek words which have translated these Hebrew words in the Septuagint. These Greek words are also found in the NT and are coded to Strong's. The lexicon also contains the equivalent Hebrew words which the Septuagint has translated. The Hebrew words are also coded to Strong's. The benefit is that one can find the in depth meaning of all these OT Hebrew words thus providing a link between the NT greek and OT Hebrew.

Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Translated

Hallelujah (/ˌhælɪˈluːjə/HAL-i-LOO-yə) is an interjection. It is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase הַלְלוּ יָהּ‎ (Modern Hebrewhallūyāh, Tiberianhaləlūyāh), which is composed of two elements: הַלְלוּ‎ (second-person imperative masculine plural form of the Hebrew verb hillel: an exhortation to 'praise' addressed to several people^[1]) and יָהּ‎ (the name of God Yah).^[2][3][4]The term is used 24 times in the Hebrew Bible (in the book of Psalms), twice in deuterocanonical books, and four times in the Christian Book of Revelation.^[5]

The phrase is used in Judaism as part of the Hallel prayers, and in Christian prayer,^[5] where since the earliest times^[6] it is used in various ways in liturgies,^[7] especially those of the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church,^[8] both of which use the form 'alleluia' which is based on the alternative Greek transliteration.

In the Bible[edit]

הַלְלוּיָהּ is found in 24 verses in the Book of Psalms^[9] (104–106, 111–117, 135, 145–150), but twice in Psalm 150:6. It starts and concludes a number of Psalms.

The Greek transliteration ἀλληλούϊα (allēlouia) appears in the Septuagint version of these Psalms, in Tobit 13:17 and 3 Maccabees 7:13, and four times inRevelation 19:1–6, the great song of praise to God for his triumph over the Whore of Babylon.^[5][6] It is this usage that Charles Jennens extracted for the Hallelujah Chorus in Handel's Messiah. This transliteration is the basis of the alternative English transliteration of 'Alleluia' that is also used by Christians.

Interpretation[edit]

In the Hebrew Biblehallelujah is actually a two-word phrase, not one word. The first part, hallelu, is the second-person imperative masculine plural form of the Hebrew verb hillel.^[1] However, 'hallelujah' means more than simply 'praise Jah' or 'praise Yah', as the word hallel in Hebrew means a joyous praise in song, to boast in God.^[10][11]

The second part, Yah, is a shortened form of YHWH, the name for the Creator.^[5] The name ceased to be pronounced in Second Temple Judaism, by the 3rd century BC due to religious beliefs.^[12] The correct pronunciation is not known, however, it is sometimes rendered by Christians as 'Yahweh' or 'Jehovah'. The Septuagint translates Yah as Kyrios (the LORD), because of the Jewish custom of replacing the sacred name with 'Adonai', meaning 'the Lord'.

In Psalm 150:6 the Hebrew reads kol han'shamah t'hallel yah halelu-yah;^[13] the first 'hallel' and 'yah' in this verse are two separate words, and the word 'yah' is translated as 'the LORD', or 'YHWH'. In Psalm 148:1 the Hebrew says 'הללו יה halelu yah'. It then says 'halelu eth-YHWH' as if using 'yah' and 'YHWH' interchangeably. The word 'Yah' appears by itself as a divine name in poetry about 49 times in the Hebrew Bible (including halelu yah), such as in Psalm 68:4–5 'who rides upon the skies by his name Yah' and Exodus 15:2'Yah is my strength and song'. It also often appears at the end of Israelite theophoric names such as Isaiah'yeshayah(u), Yahweh is salvation' and Jeremiah'yirmeyah(u), Yahweh is exalted'.^[5]

The word hallelujah occurring in the Psalms is therefore a request for a congregation to join in praise toward God. It can be translated as 'Praise Yah' or 'Praise Jah, you people'.^[2][7][14]

Most well-known English versions of the Hebrew Bible translate the Hebrew 'Hallelujah' (as at Psalm 150:1) as two Hebrew words, generally rendered as 'Let us praise' and 'the LORD', but the second word is given as 'Yah' in the Lexham English Bible and Young's Literal Translation, 'Jah' in the New World Translation, 'Jehovah' in the American Standard Version, and 'Hashem' in the Artscroll Tanach (Orthodox Jewish). Instead of a translation, the transliteration 'Hallelujah' is used by JPS Tanakh, International Standard Version, Darby Translation, God's Word Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, and The Message, with the spelling 'Halleluyah' appearing in the Complete Jewish Bible. The Greek-influenced form 'Alleluia' appears in Wycliffe's Bible, the Knox Version and the New Jerusalem Bible.

In the great song of praise to God for his triumph over the Whore of Babylon^[5] in chapter 19 of the New Testamentbook of Revelation, the Greek word ἀλληλούϊα (allēluia), a transliteration of the same Hebrew word, appears four times, as an expression of praise rather than an exhortation to praise.^[6] In English translations this is mostly rendered as 'Hallelujah',^[15] but as 'Alleluia' in several translations,^[16] while a few have 'Praise the Lord',^[17] 'Praise God',^[18] 'Praise our God',^[19] or 'Thanks to our God'.^[20]

The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that the word Hallelujah is usually not replaced by a praise God! translation due to the belief in iconicity: the perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the word and its meaning.^[21]:62

Usage by Jews[edit]

The word 'hallelujah' is sung as part of the Hallel Psalms (interspersed between Psalms 113–150).^[22] In Tractate Shabbat of the Talmud, Rabbi Yose is quoted as saying that the Pesukei dezimra Psalms should be recited daily.^[23] Psalms 145-150, also known as the Hallel of pesukei dezimra, are included to fulfill this requirement in the liturgy for the traditional Jewish Shacharit (morning) service.^[24] In addition, on the three Pilgrimage Festivals, the new moon and Hanukkah, Psalms 113-118 are recited.^[25] The latter psalms are known simply as Hallel with no additional qualification.

Psalms 146:10, ending with Halleluja, is the third and final biblical quotation in the Kedushah. This expanded version of the third blessing in the Amidah is said during the Shacharit and Mincha (morning and afternoon) services when there is a minyan present.^[26]

Usage by Christians[edit]

For most Christians, 'Hallelujah' is considered a joyful word of praise to God, rather than an injunction to praise him. 'The Alleluia' refers to a traditional chant, combining the word with verses from the Psalms or other scripture. In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, and in many older Protestant denominations, the Alleluia, along with the Gloria in excelsis Deo, is not spoken or sung in liturgy during the season of Lent, instead being replaced by a Lenten acclamation, while in Eastern Churches, Alleluia is chanted throughout Lent at the beginning of the Matins service, replacing the Theos Kyrios, which is considered more joyful. At the Easter service and throughout the Pentecostarion, Christos anesti is used in the place where Hallelujah is chanted in the western rite expressing happiness.

In contemporary worship among many Protestants, expressions of 'Hallelujah' and 'Praise the Lord' are acceptable spontaneous expressions of joy, thanksgiving and praise towards God, requiring no specific prompting or call or direction from those leading times of praise and singing.^[27]

Usage in informal language[edit]

In modern English, 'Hallelujah' is frequently spoken to express happiness that a thing hoped or waited for has happened.^[28] An example is its use in the song 'Get Happy'.

See also[edit]

• Alleluia, liturgical chant
• Alhamdulillah (ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ‎), similar Arabic phrase used by Muslims and by Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians
• Subhan Allah (سُبْحَانَ ٱللَّٰهِ‎), similar Arabic phrase
• Allah Akbar (ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ‎), similar Arabic phrase

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abPage H. Kelley, Biblical Hebrew, an Introductory Grammar, page 169. Ethics & Public Policy Center, 1959. ISBN978-0-8028-0598-0.
2. ^ ^abHallelujah, also spelled Alleluia, Encyclopædia Britannica
3. ^Brown-Driver-Briggs (Hebrew and English Lexicon, page 238)
4. ^page 403, note on line 1 of Psalm 113, Alter, Robert (2007). The Book of Psalms: A Translation with Commentary. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-06226-7.
5. ^ ^abcdefWoods, F. H. (1902). 'Hallelujah'. In James Hastings (ed.). A Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 287.
6. ^ ^abcScott Nash, 'Hallelujah' in Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (Mercer University Press 1990 ISBN978-0-86554373-7), p. 355
7. ^ ^abAlter, Robert (2007). The Book of Psalms: A Translation with Commentary. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-06226-7.
8. ^Andrew McGowan, 'Alleluia' in The New Scm Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship (Hymns Ancient & Modern 2002 ISBN978-0-33402883-3), p. 6
9. ^ Psalm 104:35; 105:45; 106:1, 48; 111:1; 112:1; 113:1, 9; 115:18; 116:19; 117:2; 135:1, 3, 21; 146:1, 10; 147:1, 20; 148:1, 14; 149:1, 9; 150:1, 6.
10. ^George Fohrer. Hebrew and Aramaic Dictionary of the Old Testament, under הלל. Walter de Gruyter, 1973. ISBN978-3-11-004572-7.
11. ^Joseph Samuel C.F. Frey, A Hebrew, Latin, and English dictionary, 1815, entry for הלל on page 254
12. ^Harris, Stephen L. Understanding the Bible: a reader's introduction, 2nd ed. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. page 21.
13. ^All quotes from the Hebrew are taken from Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, EDITIO FUNDITUS RENOVATA, cooperantibus H. P. Ruger et J. Ziegler ediderunt K. Elliger et W. Rudolph, Textum Masoreticum curavit H. P. Ruger MASORAM ELABORAVIT G. E. WEIL, Editio quinta emendata opera A. Schenker, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
14. ^'Do You Know God by Name?' watchtower.org. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
15. ^Variants of 'Hallelujah' in this context are 'Hallelujah (praise the Lord)' in the Amplified Bible and 'Halleluyah' in Complete Jewish Bible
16. ^King James Version and its recent revisions, the 21st Century King James Version and the New King James Version, the Douay-Rheims Bible, the Knox Version, the New Jerusalem Bible, the Phillips New Testament, Wycliffe's Bible, and Young's Literal Translation.
17. ^Contemporary English Version, New Living Translation (LORD)
18. ^Good News Translation
19. ^Worldwide English (New Testament)
20. ^New Life Version
21. ^Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN9781403917232 / ISBN9781403938695[1]
22. ^David E. Garland, Psalms, Volume 5 of The Expositor's Bible Commentary, page 62.
23. ^Shabbat 118b, Sefaria
24. ^Scott-Martin Kosofsky, The Book of Customs, Harper San Francisco, 2004; pages 25-26.
25. ^Elie Munk, The World of Prayer, Vol. 2, Revised ed., Feldheim, Jerusalem, 2007; pages 129-133.
26. ^Scott-Martin Kosofsky, The Book of Customs, Harper San Francisco, 2004; page 33.
27. ^At Pipe Organ Pizza, a pipeline for prayers, Milwaukee Journal, July 12, 1981
28. ^Hallelujah definition in Macmillan Dictionary

Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Translated

External links[edit]

• The dictionary definition of hallelujah at Wiktionary

As I read Isaiah 22:19 recently, I had a question about a rarely occurring word in that verse. The Greek reads:

καὶ ἀφαιρεθήσῃ ἐκ τῆς οἰκονομίας σου καὶ ἐκ τῆς στάσεώς σου.

(And you will be removed from your office and from your post.)

The word οἰκονομία occurs in the Septuagint only here and two verses later. In the New Testament it appears just nine times.

A traditional lexicon (like LEH or LSJ) can give useful information about the word, but not necessarily any information about the underlying Hebrew. LEH just has, “Is 22:19-21 stewardship.” Muraoka’s work, by contrast, is a two-way index, which means you don’t get a definition or gloss (as LEH or LSJ give). What you do get, however, is what Hebrew word a given Greek word is thought to have translated. As here:

Already the reader is interested to see that the same Greek word used twice within three verses translates a different underlying Hebrew word in each case. (N.B.: I realize that in Septuagint lexicography, to speak of “Greek that translates Hebrew” is an oversimplification, as there are other textual considerations that give rise to a given “Septuagint” text.)

Then one can consult the Hebrew–>Greek portion of the index (part two of the book) to see what other Greek words (if any) are used where each of those two Hebrew words is used. In other words, Muraoka helps answer the question: did the translator of Greek Isaiah have other Greek options available to him when confronted with the Hebrew text?

Looking at Muraoka’s entry for the first of the two options above (ממשׁלה), the answer is yes:

What is of note here is that Muraoka’s work makes it possible to see at a glance what sort of translation decisions have been made in going from Hebrew to Greek text.

As I study the Septuagint, I (and others) wonder about these things. How often does the Greek καρδία translate the Hebrew לבב? This breaks down into two questions: (1) What other Greek words are used to translate לבב? and (2) For occurrences in the Greek text of καρδία, what other Hebrew words might it be translating?

Muraoka writes this in the introduction:

This two-way index is meant to supplement our recently published lexicon as well as Hatch and Redpath’s Septuagint Concordance.

Up to the second edition of our lexicon published in 2002 many of the entry words had at the end a list of Hebrew/Aramaic words or phrases which are translated in the Septuagint with the entry word in question. In the latest edition of the lexicon, however, we have decided to delete all these lists as not integral to the lexicon. This set of information is important all the same for better understanding of the Septuagint, its translation techniques, the Septuagint translators’ ways of relating to the Hebrew/Aramaic words and phrases in their original text. In order fully to understand how a Hebrew/Aramaic lexeme or phrase X was perceived to relate to a Greek lexeme or phrase Y one would need to study each biblical passage, with the help of HR, to which the equivalence applies. Yet a quick overview of, and easy access to, the range of Greek words or phrases can be helpful and illuminating. Therefore we are presenting these data here separately as Part I of this two-way Index.

As shown in the example above, part 1 is Greek to Hebrew. Part 2 is Hebrew to Greek.

The numbers next to the Greek words above are a key to the Hatch-Redpath Concordance that Muraoka mentions. That concordance (published early in the 20th century), has all the Greek words used in the Septuagint, together with what was thought to be the underlying Hebrew. The back of the HR concordance has a list that shows all the Hebrew words (alphabetically) with the Greek words used to translate them. But you actually just get an entry like this…

אָמַר qal 37c, 74a, 109c, 113c, 120a, 133a, 222a, 267a, 299b, 306b, 313a, 329c, 339b, 365a, 384a, 460c, 477a, 503c, 505c, 520b, 534c, 537b, 538b, 553b, 628b, 757b, 841c, 863c, 881c, 991b, 1056b, 1060a, 1061a, 1139a, 1213b, 1220c, 1231b, c, 1310b, 1318b, 1423c, 1425b, 69b, 72b, 173a, 183b, c, 200a(2), 207 c, 211b.

…so that you have to go back manually through the concordance to see what words are at 37c (page 37, column c), 74a, etc. It would be tedious to look up all the Greek words translated the Hebrew אָמַר.

The second half of the two-way index more conveniently lists the above entry as:

אָמַר qal αἰτεῖν (37c), ἀναγγέλλειν (74a)…

The HR page and column references are still there, but the actual Greek words are present now.

Muraoka has also updated HR’s lexical analysis by including insights gained recently through textual criticism, new manuscripts (HR did not have the Dead Sea Scrolls), more analysis of apocryphal/deuterocanonical books, and so on.

In part one (only) Muraoka includes basic frequency statistics–how many times a given Hebrew word is what the Greek entry translates. In this index he is “content with the use of <+> symbol…when a given equivalence appears to occur very frequently.” The statistics are not comprehensive or complete, as Muraoka points out.

It’s not fair to fault Muraoka for not including a definition or gloss for his entries, since this is an index. The reader just needs to make sure to know this doesn’t and isn’t intended to replace a full-blown lexicon.

Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Pronunciation

In fact, I appreciated Muraoka’s humility and realism in writing:

Our revision of HR, however, is still incomplete. Ideally, one should study each verse of every Septuagint book translated from either Hebrew or Aramaic and compare it with what is judged to be the Semitic Vorlage of the Septuagint text. This is a project for the future, and we doubt that such an investigation can be performed wholly and mechanically with a computer.

This is, in fact, the best way to use the index–with a computer and the original language texts nearby to do further investigation as needed. But even with a computer, the index is an invaluable resource and welcome contribution to the growing field of Septuagint studies. Muraoka has done a great service to Septuagint readers by publishing the two-way index.

Greek To Hebrew And Hebrew To Greek Dictionary Of Septuagint Words Generator

Thanks to Peeters Publishers for the review copy of this work, offered without any expectation as to the positive or critical nature of my review. The book’s product page is here. It’s on Amazon here.